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Haiti became the first independent state in Latin America and the Caribbean during the colonial era and became the first black-ruled republic in the 19th century. When he overthrew French rule in the twentieth century.
But it has suffered cycles of violence, invasion and repression for most of its subsequent history, including the Duvalier dynastic dictatorship.
President Jovenel Moise was shot dead by unidentified assailants overnight, creating fears of another whirlwind.
Here are the main events in the political history of Haiti:
1492 – Spain colonizes the island of Hispaniola after the arrival of Christopher Columbus. Two hundred years later, Spain leaves the western half of France. Plantations planted by slaves of African descent produce sugar, rum and coffee that enrich France.
1801 – Former slave Toussaint Louverture leads a successful uprising and abolishes slavery.
1804 – Haiti becomes independent under the command of former slave Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who was assassinated in 1806.
1915 – The United States invaded Haiti, withdrawing in 1943 but maintaining economic control and political influence.
1937 – In the most serious confrontation with the Dominican Republic, thousands of Haitian Dominican troops have been massacred in the border area by order of dictator Trujillo.
1957an – Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier takes power with military protection, beginning a period of widespread human rights violations.
1964 – Duvalier appoints himself president for life. His dictatorship is marked by repression, forced by the dreaded secret police Tonton Macoutes.
1971 – Duvalier dies and is succeeded by his son, Jean-Claude, or “Baby Doc.” Repression is on the rise. Over the next few decades, thousands of Haitian “boats” fled the sea to Florida, many dead on the way.
Haitian President Francois Duvalier marched in front of the National Palace in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, on May 15, 1963, the day of the end of Duvalier’s constitutional rule – he declared himself president for life. [File: Eddie Adams/AP Photo]
1986 – The popular uprising forces Baby Doc to flee Haiti to exile in France. Lieutenant General Henri Namphy takes command.
1988 – General Prosper Avril takes command of Namphy in a coup.
1990 – Avril declared a state of siege amid protests, but resigned due to international pressure ahead of the election.
1990 – Former parish priest Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the poor left-wing champion, wins Haiti’s first free election. He was removed in a coup in 1991.
1994an – US troops intervene to overthrow the military regime and Aristide returns. UN peacekeepers were deployed in 1995 and elected Aristide Rene Preval as president.
1999 – Aristide is elected president for the second legislature, despite controversial results.
2004 – Political unrest forces Aristide to flee but the country is reduced to violence.
2006 – Preval has won the election.
2008 – 2010 – A series of protests, food shortages, cholera outbreaks and subsequent elections.
2010 – According to various estimates, the quake killed between 100,000 and 300,000 people and caused extensive damage in Port-Prince and other places. Despite the international aid effort, the country is in dire straits but is exacerbated by political, social and economic problems.
2011 – Michel Martelly wins the second round of the presidential election.
2012-14 Protests against the government are often driven by corruption and poverty. Protesters are demanding Martelly’s resignation.
2017 – Jovenel Moise, a banana exporter turned politician, has been named the winner of the 2016 presidential election.
2019 – Moses constantly brings together power and rules by decree, after not holding elections in Haiti, due to political and uneasy networks.
2021 – Thousands take to the streets shouting “No to dictatorship” and demanding the resignation of Moses.
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