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Gottesman worked with Martin Gellert, who at the time discovered the DNA ligase enzyme, the main enzyme for DNA replication and repair. About a year into the program, Gellert took the sabbatical, which gave Gottesman independence to get his research ideas. He also took part in Gellert’s course teaching at the NIH to learn how to transcribe DNA and how to translate it into proteins. “Apart from this tremendous opportunity to be an independent researcher, I had a pretty big teaching responsibility. It was a wonderful experience for me, ”says Gottesman.
After the program, Gottesman returned to Harvard, where he completed his undergraduate and medical studies, completed his residency and began as an assistant professor. But he soon remembered that he had “heard the siren call of the NIH,” and returned to the National Cancer Institute to start his lab.
Upon completion of the draft, requests for ATP were denied. The program no longer exists, although a similar one — the Medical Research Scholars Program — supports medical, dental, and veterinary students doing research on the NIH campus. Gottesman says the agency continues to work “to catch lightning in a bottle that was that program.”
Today, some universities offer similar programs. For example, Hall’s three-year program supports about 20 junior researchers to develop independent research careers. NIH is funded through the KL2 Awards for research given to new clinics. “In many ways,” he wrote, “KL2 programs provide similar tutored research training in the NIH program at national organizations.”
The 33-year-old Meyerhoff Scholars Program also contains many elements of ATP, even if it puts biomedical research as a whole, rather than translational or clinical research. The program includes a relatively large, highly connected cohort of 50 to 60 people, as well as intensive exposure to pre-doctoral research. According to Sto. On Sunday, his scholars have five times more than the students who were admitted to the program to get a scientific doctorate but refused to attend. It is now being used as a model for similar programs University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Penn State. Sto. Domingo says new programs UC Berkeley, UC San Diego, and Howard University they are also being implemented based on their model.
Still, careers in medical research have changed since the 1960s and 70s. Today, the main obstacle is the debt of the medical school, which is often hundreds of thousands of dollars. Debt can encourage young physicians to choose specialty earnings so they can repay loans. As a result, there is a shortage of researchers who are able to combine clinical specialty with research, Hall wrote. In the U.S., he writes, more than 20,000 people graduate with a doctor each year, but only about 600 get doctoral degrees and research.
Another challenge, Hall writes, is that it is more difficult to manage a dual career doing research and patient care because it is more difficult to obtain research funding to support the laboratory and there is more opportunity to focus on clinical care.
As the research ecosystem is constantly changing, Azoulay sees the Yellow Hat study as a starting point for further research: rigorous studies that would compare training interventions to time, cohort size, and other factors. “We would like to take people away from copying what the NIH was doing in the early 1970s,” says Azoulay. This study should inspire new experiments. “We want the world of scientific training and scientific funding to come with randomized controlled trials,” he continues. “If we have a bee cap on us, that’s it.”
Disclosure: Viviane Callier has a contract statistical role. It supports a number of data analysis projects at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, which is part of the National Institutes of Health.
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